-
George Marshall
- Defender of the Republic
- Narrated by: Mark Bramhall
- Length: 27 hrs and 42 mins
Add to Cart failed.
Add to Wish List failed.
Remove from wishlist failed.
Adding to library failed
Follow podcast failed
Unfollow podcast failed
Buy for $45.50
No default payment method selected.
We are sorry. We are not allowed to sell this product with the selected payment method
Listeners also enjoyed...
-
The Hopkins Touch
- By: David Roll
- Narrated by: Fleet Cooper
- Length: 18 hrs and 13 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
The Hopkins Touch offers the first portrait in over two decades of the most powerful man in Roosevelt's administration. David Roll shows how Harry Hopkins, an Iowa-born social worker who had been an integral part of the New Deal's implementation, became the linchpin in FDR's - and America's - relationships with Churchill and Stalin, and spoke with an authority second only to the president's.
-
-
Hopkins - the glue of the tripartite coalition
- By Chrissie on 05-19-13
By: David Roll
-
The Generals
- Patton, MacArthur, Marshall, and the Winning of World War II
- By: Winston Groom
- Narrated by: Robertson Dean
- Length: 16 hrs and 2 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Celebrated historian Winston Groom tells the intertwined and uniquely American tales of George Patton, Douglas MacArthur, and George Marshall - from the World War I battle that shaped them to their greatest achievement: leading the allies to victory in World War II.
-
-
Nothing new here
- By Mike From Mesa on 01-13-16
By: Winston Groom
-
Napoleon
- A Life
- By: Andrew Roberts
- Narrated by: John Lee
- Length: 32 hrs and 56 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Andrew Roberts' Napoleon is the first one-volume biography to take advantage of the recent publication of Napoleon's thirty-three thousand letters, which radically transform our understanding of his character and motivation. At last we see him as he was: protean multitasker, decisive, surprisingly willing to forgive his enemies and his errant wife Josephine.
-
-
What a dynamo!
- By Tad Davis on 01-16-15
By: Andrew Roberts
-
The Admirals
- Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King - The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea
- By: Walter Borneman
- Narrated by: Brian Troxell
- Length: 17 hrs and 9 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Only four men in American history have been promoted to the five-star rank of Admiral of the Fleet: William Leahy, Ernest King, Chester Nimitz, and William Halsey. These four men were the best and the brightest the navy produced, and together they led the U.S. Navy to victory in World War II, establishing the United States as the world's greatest fleet. In The Admirals, award-winning historian Walter R. Borneman tells their story in full detail for the first time.
-
-
Fantastic Insight In To Another Side Of the War
- By K. Winters on 02-25-13
By: Walter Borneman
-
The Wise Men
- Six Friends and the World They Made
- By: Evan Thomas, Walter Isaacson
- Narrated by: Jonathan Reese
- Length: 33 hrs and 27 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Six close friends shaped the role their country would play in the dangerous years following World War II. They were the original best and brightest, whose towering intellects, outsize personalities, and dramatic actions would bring order to the postwar chaos, and whose strong response to Soviet expansionism would leave a legacy that dominates American policy to this day. In April 1945, they converged to advise an untutored new president, Harry Truman.
-
-
Loved it, a must read!
- By Gutenberg on 03-12-15
By: Evan Thomas, and others
-
Eisenhower in War and Peace
- By: Jean Edward Smith
- Narrated by: Paul Hecht
- Length: 28 hrs and 22 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Author of the best-seller FDR, Jean Edward Smith is a master of the presidential biography. Setting his sights on Dwight D. Eisenhower, Smith delivers a rich account of Eisenhower’s life using previously untapped primary sources. From the military service in WWII that launched his career to the shrewd political decisions that kept America out of wars with the Soviet Union and China, Smith reveals a man who never faltered in his dedication to serving America, whether in times of war or peace.
-
-
Eisenhower, Much more Interesting than You Think!
- By Carole T. on 05-10-12
-
The Hopkins Touch
- By: David Roll
- Narrated by: Fleet Cooper
- Length: 18 hrs and 13 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
The Hopkins Touch offers the first portrait in over two decades of the most powerful man in Roosevelt's administration. David Roll shows how Harry Hopkins, an Iowa-born social worker who had been an integral part of the New Deal's implementation, became the linchpin in FDR's - and America's - relationships with Churchill and Stalin, and spoke with an authority second only to the president's.
-
-
Hopkins - the glue of the tripartite coalition
- By Chrissie on 05-19-13
By: David Roll
-
The Generals
- Patton, MacArthur, Marshall, and the Winning of World War II
- By: Winston Groom
- Narrated by: Robertson Dean
- Length: 16 hrs and 2 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Celebrated historian Winston Groom tells the intertwined and uniquely American tales of George Patton, Douglas MacArthur, and George Marshall - from the World War I battle that shaped them to their greatest achievement: leading the allies to victory in World War II.
-
-
Nothing new here
- By Mike From Mesa on 01-13-16
By: Winston Groom
-
Napoleon
- A Life
- By: Andrew Roberts
- Narrated by: John Lee
- Length: 32 hrs and 56 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Andrew Roberts' Napoleon is the first one-volume biography to take advantage of the recent publication of Napoleon's thirty-three thousand letters, which radically transform our understanding of his character and motivation. At last we see him as he was: protean multitasker, decisive, surprisingly willing to forgive his enemies and his errant wife Josephine.
-
-
What a dynamo!
- By Tad Davis on 01-16-15
By: Andrew Roberts
-
The Admirals
- Nimitz, Halsey, Leahy, and King - The Five-Star Admirals Who Won the War at Sea
- By: Walter Borneman
- Narrated by: Brian Troxell
- Length: 17 hrs and 9 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Only four men in American history have been promoted to the five-star rank of Admiral of the Fleet: William Leahy, Ernest King, Chester Nimitz, and William Halsey. These four men were the best and the brightest the navy produced, and together they led the U.S. Navy to victory in World War II, establishing the United States as the world's greatest fleet. In The Admirals, award-winning historian Walter R. Borneman tells their story in full detail for the first time.
-
-
Fantastic Insight In To Another Side Of the War
- By K. Winters on 02-25-13
By: Walter Borneman
-
The Wise Men
- Six Friends and the World They Made
- By: Evan Thomas, Walter Isaacson
- Narrated by: Jonathan Reese
- Length: 33 hrs and 27 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Six close friends shaped the role their country would play in the dangerous years following World War II. They were the original best and brightest, whose towering intellects, outsize personalities, and dramatic actions would bring order to the postwar chaos, and whose strong response to Soviet expansionism would leave a legacy that dominates American policy to this day. In April 1945, they converged to advise an untutored new president, Harry Truman.
-
-
Loved it, a must read!
- By Gutenberg on 03-12-15
By: Evan Thomas, and others
-
Eisenhower in War and Peace
- By: Jean Edward Smith
- Narrated by: Paul Hecht
- Length: 28 hrs and 22 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Author of the best-seller FDR, Jean Edward Smith is a master of the presidential biography. Setting his sights on Dwight D. Eisenhower, Smith delivers a rich account of Eisenhower’s life using previously untapped primary sources. From the military service in WWII that launched his career to the shrewd political decisions that kept America out of wars with the Soviet Union and China, Smith reveals a man who never faltered in his dedication to serving America, whether in times of war or peace.
-
-
Eisenhower, Much more Interesting than You Think!
- By Carole T. on 05-10-12
-
The Supreme Commander
- The War Years of Dwight D. Eisenhower
- By: Stephen E. Ambrose
- Narrated by: Richard Ferrone
- Length: 32 hrs and 48 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In this classic portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower the soldier, best-selling historian Stephen E. Ambrose examines the Allied commander's leadership during World War II. Ambrose brings Eisenhower's experience of the Second World War to life, showing in vivid detail how the general's skill as a diplomat and a military strategist contributed to Allied successes in North Africa and in Europe and established him as one of the greatest military leaders in the world.
-
-
Very Interesting of the politics of war
- By Timothy on 06-28-17
-
Nimitz
- By: E. B. Potter
- Narrated by: Mike Chamberlain
- Length: 25 hrs and 14 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Called a great book worthy of a great man, this definitive biography of the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet in World War II is considered the best book ever written about Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Highly respected by both the civilian and naval communities, Nimitz was sometimes overshadowed by more colorful warriors in the Pacific such as MacArthur and Halsey. Potter's lively and authoritative style fleshes out Admiral Nimitz's personality to help listeners appreciate the contributions he made as the principle architect of Japan's defeat.
-
-
Spectacular Book
- By Darrell E. Fisher on 07-13-18
By: E. B. Potter
-
Omar Nelson Bradley
- America's GI General, 1893-1981 (American Military Experience)
- By: Steven L. Ossad
- Narrated by: Bill Nevitt
- Length: 19 hrs and 19 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Omar Nelson Bradley was the youngest and last of nine men to earn five-star rank and the only army officer so honored after World War II. This new biography by Steven L. Ossad gives an account of Bradley’s formative years, his decorated career, and his postwar life. Bradley’s decisions shaped the five Northwest European Campaigns from the D-Day landings to VE Day. As the man who successfully led more Americans in battle than any other in our history, his long-term importance would seem assured.
-
-
Good biography of an important WWII general
- By Elisabeth Carey on 10-15-19
By: Steven L. Ossad
-
The Second Most Powerful Man in the World
- The Life of Admiral William D. Leahy, Roosevelt's Chief of Staff
- By: Phillips Payson O'Brien
- Narrated by: Christopher Grove
- Length: 19 hrs and 58 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Aside from FDR, no American did more to shape World War II than Admiral William D. Leahy - not Douglas MacArthur, not Dwight Eisenhower, and not even the legendary George Marshall. No man, including Harry Hopkins, was closer to Roosevelt, nor had earned his blind faith, like Leahy. Through the course of the war, constantly at the president's side and advising him on daily decisions, Leahy became the second most powerful man in the world.
-
-
Great bio.
- By Amazon Customer on 05-18-19
-
American Caesar
- Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964
- By: William Manchester
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 31 hrs and 53 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Virtually all Americans above a certain age hold strong opinions about Douglas MacArthur. They either worship him or despise him. Now, in this superb book, one of our most outstanding writers, after a meticulous three-year examination of the record, presents his startling insights about the man. The narrative is gripping, because the general's life was fascinating. It is moving, because he was a man of vision. It ends, finally, in tragedy, because his character, though majestic, was tragically flawed.
-
-
An Honest Portrayal of a Flawed Hero
- By Wolfpacker on 05-27-12
-
Truman
- By: David McCullough
- Narrated by: Nelson Runger
- Length: 54 hrs and 11 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Hailed by critics as an American masterpiece, David McCullough's sweeping biography of Harry S. Truman captured the heart of the nation. The life and times of the 33rd president of the United States, Truman provides a deeply moving look at an extraordinary, singular American.
-
-
That Mousy Little Man From Missouri Revisited
- By Sara on 07-23-15
By: David McCullough
-
Nimitz at War
- Command Leadership from Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay
- By: Craig L. Symonds
- Narrated by: L.J. Ganser
- Length: 14 hrs and 26 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Only days after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt tapped Chester W. Nimitz to assume command of the Pacific Fleet. Nimitz transformed the devastated and dispirited Pacific fleet into the most powerful and commanding naval force in history. Facing demands from Washington to mount an early offensive, he had first to revive the depressed morale of the thousands of sailors, soldiers, and Marines who served under him. And of course, he also confronted a formidable and implacable enemy in the Imperial Japanese Navy.
-
-
Excellent Story Solid Narration
- By arussellga on 06-14-22
By: Craig L. Symonds
-
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
- A History of Nazi Germany
- By: William L. Shirer
- Narrated by: Grover Gardner
- Length: 57 hrs and 11 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Since its publication in 1960, William L. Shirer’s monumental study of Hitler’s German empire has been widely acclaimed as the definitive record of the 20th century’s blackest hours. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich offers an unparalleled and thrillingly told examination of how Adolf Hitler nearly succeeded in conquering the world. With millions of copies in print around the globe, it has attained the status of a vital and enduring classic.
-
-
Narrative possesses listener, it's that good
- By Gary on 10-08-12
-
The Age of Eisenhower
- America and the World in the 1950s
- By: William I. Hitchcock
- Narrated by: Arthur Morey
- Length: 25 hrs and 38 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
In a 2017 survey, presidential historians ranked Dwight D. Eisenhower fifth on the list of great presidents, behind the perennial top four: Lincoln, Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Teddy Roosevelt. Historian William Hitchcock shows that this high ranking is justified. Eisenhower's accomplishments were enormous and loom ever larger from the vantage point of our own tumultuous times.
-
-
Disappointing
- By james c. egan, jr. on 02-05-19
-
Churchill
- Walking with Destiny
- By: Andrew Roberts
- Narrated by: Stephen Thorne
- Length: 50 hrs and 28 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
When we seek an example of great leaders with unalloyed courage, the person who comes to mind is Winston Churchill: the iconic, visionary war leader immune from the consensus of the day, who stood firmly for his beliefs when everyone doubted him. But how did young Winston become Churchill? What gave him the strength to take on the superior force of Nazi Germany when bombs rained on London and so many others had caved? In this landmark biography of Winston Churchill based on extensive new material, the true genius of the man, statesman, and leader can finally be fully understood.
-
-
Superb Biography
- By Jean on 03-03-19
By: Andrew Roberts
-
Grant
- By: Ron Chernow
- Narrated by: Mark Bramhall
- Length: 48 hrs and 2 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
Ulysses S. Grant's life has typically been misunderstood. All too often he is caricatured as a chronic loser and an inept businessman or as the triumphant but brutal Union general of the Civil War. But these stereotypes don't come close to capturing him, as Chernow reveals in his masterful biography, the first to provide a complete understanding of the general and president whose fortunes rose and fell with dizzying speed and frequency.
-
-
Raise a glass to Grant
- By Darwin8u on 02-11-18
By: Ron Chernow
-
American Ulysses
- A Life of Ulysses S. Grant
- By: Ronald C. White
- Narrated by: Arthur Morey
- Length: 27 hrs and 35 mins
- Unabridged
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
A major new biography of the Civil War general and American president, by the author of the New York Times bestseller A. Lincoln. The dramatic story of one of America's greatest and most misunderstood military leaders and presidents, this is a major new interpretation of Ulysses S. Grant. Based on seven years of research with primary documents, some of them never tapped before, this is destined to become the Grant biography of our times.
-
-
An Absolutely Superb Work
- By Michael J. Nardotti, Jr. on 11-05-16
By: Ronald C. White
Publisher's Summary
The extraordinary career of George Catlett Marshall - America’s most distinguished soldier - statesman since George Washington - whose selfless leadership and moral character influenced the course of two world wars and helped define the American century.
"I’ve read several biographies of Marshall, but I think [David] Roll’s may be the best of the bunch." (Thomas E. Ricks, New York Times Book Review) • "Powerful." (The Wall Street Journal) • "Enthralling." (Andrew Roberts) • "Important." (William I. Hitchcock) • "Majestic." (Susan Page) • "Engrossing." (Andrew J. Bacevich) • "Judicious." (Walter Isaacson) • "Definitive." (Kirkus)
Winston Churchill called him World War II's "organizer of victory." Harry Truman said he was "the greatest military man that this country ever produced." Today, in our era of failed leadership, few lives are more worthy of renewed examination than Marshall and his 50 years of loyal service to the defense of his nation and its values.
Even as a young officer, he was heralded as a genius, a reputation that grew when in WWI he planned and executed a nighttime movement of more than a half million troops from one battlefield to another that led to the armistice. Between the wars he helped modernize combat training, and re-staffed the US Army's officer corps with the men who would lead in the next decades. But as WWII loomed, it was the role of army chief of staff in which Marshall's intellect and backbone were put to the test, when his blind commitment to duty would run up against the realities of Washington politics. Long seen as a stoic, almost statuesque figure, he emerges here as a man both remarkable and deeply human, thanks to newly discovered sources.
Set against the backdrop of five major conflicts - two world wars, Palestine, Korea, and the Cold War - Marshall's education in military, diplomatic, and political power, replete with their nuances and ambiguities, runs parallel with America's emergence as a global superpower. The result is a defining account of one of our most consequential leaders.
Critic Reviews
"A deeply researched and masterfully written work that relies in part on never-used documents, one that should establish Marshall at the top of any list of American titans." (The Washington Times)
"David Roll has brilliantly brought George Marshall to life in a biography chock full of revealing and inspiring moments, reminding us what real leadership can be." (Evan Thomas, New York Times best-selling author of First: Sandra Day O'Connor)
"An overdue, authoritative biography of one of America's greatest soldier-statesmen...a definitive, nuanced portrait." (Kirkus starred review)
More from the same
What listeners say about George Marshall
Average Customer RatingsReviews - Please select the tabs below to change the source of reviews.
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- JustinT
- 09-24-19
There are better books about Marshall
Its too bad, this could have been a good book but the author ruined it by dragging in unsupported and unneccessary 'facts' in order to make political points - why else would the author, in writing a book about George Marshall - who has been dead for almost 50 years already - somehow feel the need to drag into the story Donald Trumps approval rating into the story? - along with other gems such as 'there is no proof that GCM was NOT a racist, so therefore he probably was - there was no prood that GCM was not an anti-semite, so therefore he probably hated Jews.
This book is nothing but a platform for the author to make a bunch on unsupported and unrelated claims about a great man - a man who accomplished far more in his lifetime that this author ever will - you should have left your politics out of this story Mr. Roll. GCM was a great man, you are not.
34 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Kent K.
- 01-30-20
Great Man but only a good book
Mr Roll provides you a lot of good information on General Marshall and I would recommend people read or listen to this book but also read or listen to others on the subject. This could have been a great book, but Mr Roll does virtue signaling throughout the book. He does this by opining on matters where he has no documentation but wants to imply or infer his opinion on the matter. He also brings up President Trump at least 4 times in the book on General Marshall and all seemed to take away from the story and didn’t add to the book. The first time was probably the worst because he brought up Trump Tweets as a comparison to Senator Joe McCarthy use of speeches it just seems to be a blatant attempt to link Trump to McCarthy and it really takes away from the book. The reader was excellent and really made the book a pleasure to listen too.
6 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Damian
- 09-26-19
A splendid confirmation
Of what I’ve always heard about George C Marshall. The only reason I didn’t give this book five stars across-the-board is because the author – naturally prejudiced in favor of his subject – seems to extol Marshall‘s greatness above all others. Again easy to understand. But there are portions in the book wherein he either seems extra critical of others, or gratuitously delivers some unseemly reflections upon historical figures then and now. At the same time he seems a tad bit anxious to reveal certain prejudices regarding present day leaders - pro and con - that in my mind are tiresome bromides ill-suited to the story or his subject. Nonetheless, a magnificent, timely, and certainly inspiring biography about one of our true Giants. Bravo!
5 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Stacey Sacco
- 07-25-19
Great book about a great man!
This book is incredibly well researched and well written. provide accurate and factual information in a very easy to read and digest format. the narration is excellent. I found myself wanting to listen to this book whenever I could.
5 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- allison h eid
- 04-28-20
Good but not great
This should be a great biography because Marshall was a great man - one of the very greatest. And David Roll is plainly diligent and and an excellent writer. Unfortunately Roll has a disquieting and very un-Marshall tendency to settle scores with all sorts of people, ranging from William Manchester to Ed Cray to Donald Trump, that seriously detracts from his theme that character matters. This tendency is initially irritating but becomes corrosive as the pages go by. This is unnecessary. Your time might be better spent reading or rereading one of the other excellent Marshall biographies that Roll disparages.
4 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Trotterj51
- 08-28-19
George Marshal a true American hero
I loved this book and was sad to have it end. A lover of history and especially W W 2, the gave me wonderful glimpse of a man who literally impacted the world. I will be reading more about him I tried to give 5 stars across the board but it didn’t take
4 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Michael Williamson
- 08-10-19
Grateful for what this man did for our republic!
I knew George Marshall played a big role in WWII but did not know about his contributions before WWII by getting the US Army prepared or his contributions after the war. A great biography about a truly American hero.
4 people found this helpful
-
Overall
- Kindle Customer
- 02-22-20
Focused and consistent.
When completed you won't have an intimate understanding of the man, but you will understand why he was chosen to serve as Chief of staff, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense all within 10 yrs. And you will have some degree of respect. Still there are a lot of holes.
3 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Darrell E. Fisher
- 09-19-19
Pass This One By
This book is not a good book if you truly want to learn about Gen. George C. Marshall. It is full of theory and hypothesis, most not substantiated by any documented authority. And the author’s references to Gen. Marshall being anti-Semitic is absolutely laughable. There is no documents and no valid references to this wild allegation anywhere in the historical record. Further, Mr. Roll makes at least three references to our current President, at least two of which were derisive. Come on! I don’t need that in a book about General Marshall; no one cares about your politics, Mr. Roll!
Reading public, pass this one by! There are numerous other seminal volumes on Gen. Marshall; all much more authentic and much more enjoyable. Don’t line his pockets with your money.
10 people found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story
- Del M. Hanson
- 01-24-20
Great Book
A great book about a great man. Using the power of retrospection, and the comparisons that are now available, the author paints a fantastic portrait of what a life of service was and should be.
1 person found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- M Mansour
- 09-28-19
Disappointing - very 1 dimensional !
Though it is a through book, telling of fact after another within timelines of Marshall's Life, it fails totally in explaining or diving deeper into his character, his managerial strategies and what drove this important man. Instead we get the usual facts - "he did this...then that..etc" most of which any reader can get from many other historical books. Very disappointing.
1 person found this helpful
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Cryptochimp
- 05-23-20
A first-rate biography
I was wary of purchasing this book because I was afraid that it would lapse into the type of cringeworthy hagiography that mars most of the biographies of another famous WW2 US military leader, Douglas MacArthur. I need not have worried. Roll gives us an objective, unbiased account of the life of a key figure in twentieth-century history. Lack of bias does not preclude empathy and Roll’s empathy for his subject ensures that the biography does not become a dry chronological account of Marshall’s life. Roll’s insight and analysis enable the reader to gain a deep understanding of Marshall’s personality and Marshall's role in some of the key events of the last century. This will surely become the definitive biography of George Marshall for students of twentieth-century history.
Mark Bramhall’s narration is excellent.
-
Overall
-
Performance
-
Story

- Severn
- 08-06-19
Simply outstanding
An excellent book, excellently read. An outstanding biography of a major twentieth century figure, and a first class listen from start to finish.